muhammad rajin tolong ibu memasak...."siang bayam sambil menyanyi"

LUNCH-day 1 di Qingdao

first trip..

salam..

8 mei 2011 ari tu saya sampai ke Qingdao,China.bertolak dari KL ke Pudong,Shanghai..tak ingat bape jam travel..hehehe.

then transfer flight dari shanghai ke Qingdao..husssh mase tu hujan, memang sejuk sangat2.siap pakai jaket n glove lagi..

dari airport kitorang naik bas ke restoran..

nothing much can see sbb kabus,x nampak sgt..

TO BE CONTINUE......ngantuksss!!!!!

HYPOMENORRHEA

DEFINITION :

The flow of blood during the menstrual period is extreamly low. 

Sometimes there are scanty periods or spotting is there during periods.

There are various reasons responsible for this condition one major known reason is Asherman’s syndrome (scar in the uterus-mostly due to D&C after miscarriage)

CAUSES:

• Uterine

          -uterine hypoplasia (small uterus) which is caused due

          to hormonal imbalances

          -reduction in endometrial cavity due to myomectomy or

          any operation of uterus.

• Constitutional: 

         -genetic reasons.( if your mother suffered from similar

         codition you are very much sure of getting the

         same in your genes. But this codition do not pose any

         threat to pregnancy)

• Hormonal: 

        -when a women have achieved the peak of her reproductive 

        life( because ovulation at this stage is irregular and 

        endometrial lining has not developed normally. 

        -higher levels of androgen

        -low levels of thyroid

        -high levels of insulin and prolactin

• Use Of Conterceptives For Long Time

• Emotional And Nervous Reasons: 

       - excessive stress and excitement

       (because such factors supress those brain centers which 

       are responsible to stimulate ovaries during ovarian

       cycle. Thus, low production of hormone)

• Other Reasons:

      -crash diets,
      -heavy exercises,
      -intrauterine adhesions etc.

AMENORRHEA

Definition

Amenorrhea refers to the absence of a menstrual period.  

Secondary amenorrhea describes a condition in which a woman who has previously menstruated misses three or more periods in a row. 

Menstruation, or a menstrual period, refers to the monthly process in which the uterus sheds blood and tissue in preparation for pregnancy.

Menstrual Flow

© 2009 Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

Secondary amenorrhea is most commonly caused by pregnancy. But in nonpregnant women, amenorrhea may result from a variety of factors, including an existing medical condition, lifestyle, emotional distress, hormonal irregularity, or medication. 

• Dramatic weight loss, particularly from drastic diets, eating disorders including anorexia and bulimia , or excessive exercise
• Dramatic weight gain or morbid obesity
• Malnourishment
• Birth defects including lack of a uterus, vagina, or other reproductive organs
• Medical conditions including cystic fibrosis , Cushing's disease , polycystic ovary , or Prader-Willi syndrome
• Psychological stress—can lead to a hormonal imbalance sufficient to cause amenorrhea.
• Medications—some antidepressants, chemotherapeutics, corticosteroids, certain contraceptives.
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Hermaphroditism (having both male and female reproductive characteristics)
• Pituitary tumor
• Thyroid dysfunction
• Uterine scarring

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam.

Tests may include the following:

• Pregnancy test
• Blood work to determine hormone levels
• Chromosome test to determine if any abnormalities exist
• Urine test
• Progestin challenge test (taking progestogen for 7-10 days to trigger bleeding in order to determine if lack of estrogens is responsible for amenorrhea)
• CT scan of the head —a type of x-ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures of the head, brain, and skull
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging ) scan of the head —a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of brain tissue
• Ultrasound —use of high-frequency sound waves to view and examine the organs of the abdominal cavity
• Laparoscopy —insertion of a thin tube affixed with a light and camera, along with other instruments, through a tiny incision in the abdominal wall

All or even most of these tests are rarely indicated.

Treatment

Treatment for amenorrhea is dependent upon the cause of the condition:

• Congenital birth defect—may be correctable by surgery
• Pituitary tumor—treatments usually involve surgery or radiation therapy or medicine
• Hormonal irregularity—hormone therapy, including oral contraceptives, may cause menstruation to begin
• Weight related—improved diet, including healthy caloric intake and a reasonable exercise routine usually restores hormonal balance and menstruation
• Medical condition—if effective treatment is available, it may restore menstruation

Prevention

Many cases of amenorrhea are unavoidable with the notable exceptions of pregnancy, eating disorders, and cases related to medications. Use effective contraception if you are sexually active and maintain a healthy body weight through a reasonable diet and exercise regimen. Seeking help during time of stress may also help prevent a bout of amenorrhea.

 

AKSI2 COMEL

'' baru je lepas mandi ''

 beza umur 2tahun,tapi skang Muhammad nampak sama besar ngan Abang..

" x tau la ikut muka sape"

"selalu gelak----suka tgk masa Muhammad xde gigi"

" enek belikan jacket"